For example a time-line can be established from his famous works called The Olympiades as follows: "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the sixth hour the day was changed into night, and the stars were seen in the heavens. The madness of the skeptic is such that they would have us believe sources which are silent, over those which speak. Is there historical evidence for the darkness & earthquake at the crucifixion? Certainly, other ancient writers, most notably Pliny the Elder (23 79 AD), would have written of a three hour darkness had it really happened. The website for this is the National Geophysical Data Center (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov). 26:61, Matt. Martinus Nijhoff. Why would the Apostles allude to a darkness their hearers and readersknewdid not happen? Now consider if this were either all fake or unauthentic; Christian historians have used this writing to cite as an extra-biblical account of the Gospel accounts and opponents have used the writing to discredit the theory as contrived. The Historical Jesus, pp. It was recorded by a Pagan author who had no desire to promote Christianity yet he confirmed the Bible record! For example the first Olympiad happened in 776 and the second occurred in 772 BC. I have wondered if an astronomical body accounted for some aspects of the Deluge, such tidal effects on the waters. Africanus does this by noting that the eve of Passover falls on a date of a near full moon, i.e., when the moon is opposite the sun in relation to the earth. Luke clearly goes out of his way to be specific about when this year was, by relating it to six different important officials. The 202nd Olympiad has been calculated to run from July AD 29 to June AD 33. It was recorded by a Pagan author who had no desire to promote Christianity yet he confirmed the Bible record! From historical sources telling when these individuals were in office you can show that the possible range of years of the crucifixion to be from AD 26 to AD 36. Whom God hath raised up, having loosed the sorrows of hell, as it was impossible that he should be holden by it. (Acts 2: 14-24)[Emphasis and formatting added]. "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the sixth hour the day was changed into night, and the stars were seen in the heavens. The darkness during the crucifixion. The terms "day" and "night" sort of overlapped in their way of thinking. The fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad was in 33 A.D.!!! (LogOut/ There are some uncertainties in the Olympiad numbering system but it seems from various sources the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad would be either AD 32 or AD 33. 27:63, Mark 8:31, Mark 9:31, Mark 10:33-34, and John 2:19. He wrote extensively about natural phenomena earthquakes and such. With these things in mind, I would like to provide some thoughts on the historicity of one particular event that is said to have occurred on the afternoon Our Lord was crucified. The New Testament records the three-hour darkness during Christs crucifixion (Matthew 27:45, Mark 15:33, Luke 23:4445). Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The Bible is Gods book of love and redemption. The Romans and Jews could have falsified Peters claimhad it been false. Key to this text though, is that it has never been found in an original form. The span of distance between Bythnia and Jerusalem would have put the earthquake in a cataclysmic category, and the evidence confirmed by science supports that conclusion. By the time he wrote hisNatural History(73 A.D.), the Christians had already been claiming for the prior forty years that the Crucifixion darkness was a sign worked by their God. The mention of three nights in this verse has prompted some to propose the crucifixion was on a Wednesday or a Thursday. GO TO creationanswers.net An unknown, massive astronomical body passing through the solar system or on long period orbit, transiting between the earth and sun? It is important to readThallus comments to completely understand the issue. On the Circumstances Connected with Our Saviours Passion and His Life-Giving Resurrection). But it is a challenging issue to unravel. I would say there are a couple oflines of argument that can be used to date the crucifixion. Jerome (4th century) is quoting Phlegon's 13th book which is a translation of a historical chronicle on the 202nd Olympiad by Eusebius. In Rome,Peter spokeas he had to the Jews of Jerusalem (cf Acts 2:14-24)to an audience that hadpriorknowledge of the three hour darkness. Well, for starters, it places a high degree of scientific precision for a writing that could considered to be hearsay or speculative because of its inference from another source. Check it out for yourselfhttp://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE0001-0100.html. Using the above information we can work out that the period of darkness occurred in 33 AD. Those issues do not change the conclusion for various reasons. In his book Chronicle of the Olympiad he records a miracle mentioned in the New Testament. Such is the difficulty of the argument from silence. There were Jewish, Christian, and Roman writers from the first and second centuries that refer to Christ and the crucifixion. Therefore, it is possible Phlegons source witnessed the Crucifixion darkness from there at the same hoursuggesting the darkness and earthquakes reached far beyond the region around Jerusalem. Have you ever heard of Phlegon of Karia? From the direct quote above, it is clear Phlegons source is an observer in Bithynia (in modern day Turkey), which is well over 500 miles away from Jerusalem. The fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad I believe would include some of the same year as the 203rd Olympiad but the new Olympiad did not start till the Olympics event took place in the Summer. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) keeps a database of what are called "significant" earthquakes. About two weeks after the New Moon is the Full Moon, which corresponds to Passover. "[4], Phlegon may have been recording an eclipse that happened in November, 29 AD, the 1st year of the 202nd Olympiad.[5]. You can use a text widget to display text, links, images, HTML, or a combination of these. Another issue to notice in Jerome's quote above is regarding an earthquake that took place at the same time as the mysterious darkening of the sky. Otto Keller, Rerum Naturalium Scriptores Graeci Minores, 1 (Leipzig Teurber, 1877), p. 101., 2 Julius Africanus, Extant Writings, XVIII in The AnteNicene Fathers, ed. Solar eclipses during this time frame that were visible to that part of the world were rare, which puts obvious delimiters on when they occurred. (Sextus Julius Africanus,Fragment 18. In the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad (i.e., AD 33) there was 'the greatest eclipse of the sun' and that 'it became night in the sixth hour of the day [i.e., noon] so that stars even appeared in the heavens. Last month: Next month: new 11:37 32/06/26 UTC : 1: 32-06-27/28: Noumenia kata Selene : 2: 32-06-28/29: Agathos Daimon : 3: 32-06-29/30: Athene : 4: 32- . Moon phase and solar year events are shown on the day in Athens. "[1] On Long-Lived Persons[2] contains a list of Italians who had passed the age of 100, taken from the censuses of the Roman Empire. With this principle in mind, let us now consider the evidence. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. The darkness and earthquake were evident not just in Jerusalem but also in Nicea which is over 300 miles away from Jerusalem! The sun was darkened during Christs death from 12:00 pm to 3:00 pm. Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. Julius Africanus quoted from the Olympiades a section no longer in existence which said this darkening if the sun happened at the time of the full moon. The Romans, for example, are known to have have kept archives which included data on eclipses of the moon and sun. Is this a powerful confirmation of the events described in the New Testament? Africanus refutes the attempt of Thallus to explain away this darkness as being a regular solar eclipse. (see Figure 2 below). Astronomical calculation will help with this, but we first need to answer the day of the week question. Your email address will not be published. The astronomical science tells us there was no solar eclipse over Bithynia in that year. . Now you may be asking yourself, why is this even relevant? For these are not drunk, as you suppose, seeing it is but the third hour of the day: But this is that which was spoken of by the prophet Joel: And it shall come to pass, in the last days, (saith the Lord,) I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh: and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams. This may seem hard to accept for some. It is impossible to have the Moon block the Sun at Full Moon, which is when Passover took place. We also know from the New Testament that at that time Caiaphas was the Jewish High Priest (Caiaphas is mentioned in Jewish writings) and Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea. Thankfully we have a more detailed fragment from Phlegon's Olympiades: We know from the Bible that on the day of Crucifixion the Sun was darkened for three hours, and there was a great earthquake. Yes, to God, nothing is impossible. He said If I could prove to you that the Bible is a supernatural book, confirmed by both foretelling of the future and also by miracles, would you believe what the Bible says?. Peter reminds his hearers these things were done in the midst of you, as you also know. Clearly, Peter referenced an eventthe three hour darkening of the sunwhich waspreviouslywitnessed by all hearing him that day. Furthermore, the greatest number of Christian scholars through history have held to AD 33 as the year of the crucifixion, though they may have had various views on the exact date and day of week on which it happened. So that means there has been at least some investigation of it by geologists though I do not know how much. Even more fascinating is the mention of an earthquake. Elsewhere in this same work, Origen wrote in relation to the Crucifixion darkness: And with regard to the eclipse in the time ofTiberius Csar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place, Phlegon too, I think, has written in the thirteenth or fourteenth book of his Chronicles (Contra Celsus II, 33). Africanus disputed an attempt by Thallus (a first century historian) to specifically explain the Crucifixion darkness in this way. The earthquake on the other hand was a natural process miraculously timed to occur at the crucifixion. II 21 [2], Phlegon records that, in the time of Tiberius Csar, at full moon, there was a full eclipse of the sun from the sixth hour to the ninth manifestly that one of which we speak. It cannot be denied that Pliny the Elder wrote on topics like eclipses of the sun. . Required fields are marked *. Even if there is speculation on whether this is the correct eclipse referenced, there is only one more that would have been visible by the Persian Gulf and Rome during the Olympiad: http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/0001-0100/29-11-24.gif. Remember that Jesus' baptism was shortly after the beginning of John the Baptist's ministry, which began in AD 29. From Friday evening at sunset to Saturday evening at sunset was an entire 24 hour day cycle, so it also counted as a day and a night. The last known Olympic celebration was held in the year 261 CE ( Common Era, also known as "AD" from the Latin Anno Domini which means In the Year of the Lord in English). When they could see the new crescent Moon in the evening (only visible for a short time in the early evening) they would send runners to announce that the new month had begun. In Wadi Zeelim, located above the southwestern shore of the modern Dead Sea exists an outcrop of laminated Dead Sea sediment. So I found another source of this very quote from the same Rabbi in an old commentary from the 1600's from English Scholar John Lightfoot [2]. Of all these verses, only Matt. No, but again, it doesnt have to either. Bursa is approximately 600 miles from Jerusalem. Or has it been changed and contaminated by ambitious Christian defenders? There are few historical records that are actually from the time of Christ but there are some records from historians from the second century AD. Though historical data may be sketchy on some issues sometimes, regarding Christ's crucifixion, the evidence we have confirming the New Testament is I think very persuasive. Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker. Tertullians statement certainly suggests he himself had seen the account of this world-portent. Otherwise, it would have been foolhardy of him to have made such a bold challenge to such sticklers for record keeping as the Romans, who could have proven him wrong. However, if the crucifixion were on a Wednesday or Thursday this does not seem to fit the proper timing in the Jewish Passover week. At His own free-will, He with a word dismissed from Him His spirit, anticipating the executioners work. Updated May 2013 Euse-bius, in his records of the year A.D. , quotes at length from Phlegon, who says that, in the fourth year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great and remarkable eclipse of the sun, above any that had happened before. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia and overthrew a great part of the city of Nicaea" AWESOME I had read so many "time lines" and prophetic explanations. Now let us consider how he might have categorized the Crucifixion darkness. This earthquake would have been massive to be felt in Israel and Turkey at the same timethink of the catastrophe! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics#/media/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia and overthrew a great part of the city of Nica. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia . The Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI: Now available through other book sellers, Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeII), Roma Locuta Est Considers: Introduction to Benepapism (Episode I). EARTHQUAKE AND DARKNESS THAT OCCURRED AT JESUS DEATH WAS RECORDED IN SECULAR HISTORY. 1996. p. 217. Change). The crucifixion darkness, even if a natural phenomena, would still be miraculous for its timing, ordained by God. For from Nehemiah, who was sent by Artaxerxes to resettle Jerusalem in the 115 th year of the Persian empire, the twentieth year of Artaxerxes, the fourth year of the 83rd Olympiad, until this time, which was the second year of the 202nd Olympiad, the sixteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, there is a total of 475 years. This sediment outcrop is a distinctive one-foot thick mixed layer of sediment that is tied strongly to the Qumran earthquakes onshore ground ruptures of 31 B.C. In fact, it is also quite impossible for a solar eclipse to last for 3 hours. To home he may gobut, it must be with his tail between his legs. Tradition informs us that Marks gospel derives directly from Peters oral preaching in Rome (seehere). Since Marks written gospel contains an account of the Crucifixion darkness, it follows that Peter included this event in his oral preaching. A few verses later in Matthew 27:51 it is recorded that there was an earthquake at the exact moment that Jesus died. The New Testament in Matthew 27:45 records that while Jesus was on the cross there was darkness over all the land for three hours. In sum, the words of Tertullian and Africanus show us that in ancient times onlythe explanation of the causeof the three hour darkness was in dispute,not the fact of it. The skeptics objection is an argument from silencethat other writerswouldhave said something if the darkness had really happened. Is it accurate? The Bible is a book that is a record of facts and not myths. Remember then, especially on Good Friday between the hours of noon and 3 pm, that the Crucifixion darkness is a real, historical eventand pray for those who deny it. I will address that below as well. The darkness and earthquake were evident not just in Jerusalem but also in Nicea which is over 300 miles away from Jerusalem! However, this is scientifically impossible. Rome had a Jewish community, and it is probable that word of the darkness would have reached and been known within it. He lives near Atlanta with his family. He asks for your prayers for his intentions. Unfortunately for the skepticand a sign of his desperation as wellthe argument from silence is, perhaps, one of the most difficult types of arguments to make. Matthew 12:40 says that as Jonah was three days and three nights in the fish, Jesus would be dead three days and three nights. In October, I will perform a miracle here so that all may believe. In 70 A.D., just forty years after the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, the city of Jerusalem and the Temple were utterly destroyed by the Romans and the surviving population carried off into captivity. Barton, Bill, This webpage quotes John Lightfoot explaining the "onah" concept. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This is a text widget. However, these are all unlikely candidates as their timing is off from the Olympiad calendar. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. [CDATA[*/ var d = new Date(); var n = d.getFullYear(); document.getElementById('getYear').innerHTML = n; /*]]>*/ Christian Evidence. At the sixth hour the day was turned into the darkness of night, so that stars were seen in the heaven; and there was a . There too, nobody could give a plausible explanation. Thank You Father :). mund. He dabbed the sweat from his pallid face and intoned Are you at peace with God? The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and manifest day of the Lord come. Though it is almost impossible to deny that this strange event truly happened, on the same day our Lord died on the Cross, I strived for years to find a natural astronomical explanation about it but in vain. The Crucifixion darknesswould have been observable to many hundreds of thousands of peopleif not millions. AD 33 is too early for his crucifixion, surely. Your email address will not be published. And it shall come to pass, that whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord, shall be saved. The Biblical Astronomer, 8(84). 12:40, Matt. event bed is another distinctive mixed layer less than one inch thick. I am not convinced by this even though I believe in the darkness over the land when Jesus was crucified. Being written within a dozen years of the Crucifixion, many of Matthews readers would have been witnesses to the three hour darkness which had fallen over the earth (cf Matthew 27: 45) years before. Another historian, Philipon (with Origen), confirms the historicity of Phlegon's statement by writing, "And about this darkness - Phlegon recalls it in the OlympiadsPhlegon mentioned the eclipse which took place during the crucifixion of the Lord Christ, and no other (eclipse), it is clear that he did not know from his sources about any (similar) eclipse in previous times and this is shown by the historical account of Tiberius Caesar.". I found further confirmation of this earthquake from other sources that also dates it in the year 33 AD. Thus, if the quote is accurate, and Phlegon's eclipse has . I wonder too, hypothetically, what might a natural cause include. There are no surviving records after this date. 196-7, College Press Publishing Company, 1996., 4 Tertullian, Apologeticus, Chapter 21, 19 cited in Bouw, G. D. (1998, Spring). But what has an eclipse in common with an earthquake, the rending rocks, and the resurrection of the dead, and so great a perturbation throughout the universe? Last Olympiad: Next Olympiad: 1st year: Begins 29-07-01/02: Hekatombaion 29 Metageitnion 29 Boedromion 30 Puanepsion 29 Maimakterion 30 Poseideon . The difficulty in this is that it mentions three nights as well as three days. Note that I am oversimplifying a number of calendar complications that are worked out in Humphrey's book. Tertullian, Apologeticus, Chapter 21, 19, Christian Evidence was created to enable Christians to defend their faith, and to open their eyes up to the overwhelming evidence for Christianity. Even if there was an issue of corruption or inaccuratetranslation of the Phlegon writing, how could the science possibly have been faked when there would have been no way of faking it hundreds of years later without it being obviously exposed? VI, p. 130, as cited in Gary R. Habermas, The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ, (Joplin, MO: College Press Publishing Company), 1996., 3 Habermas, Gary. There is more historical evidence to support the three hour period of darkness, and therefore of the Crucifixion, in 33 AD than almost any other ancient event in history! (Mark 15: 33), And it was almost the sixth hour; and there was darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour. How could the science not possibly confirm this level of coincidence? Ten Years Ago: Benedict confirms I am no longer the Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church, Benedicts Last Audience: Ten Years After, Roma Locuta Est Considers: Benepapism and the Munus vs. Ministerium (EpisodeVI), Is the Culture of Death creating the Remnant? First, there are differences between the synoptic gospels in the New Testament and the gospel of John that have puzzled Bible scholars. Little is known about Phlegon, but he made reference to Christ. Unfortunately, Africanus does not quote Phlegon directly. Passover occurred on either Nisan 14 or 15 about two weeks after the New Moon. This was quoted in Colin Humphreys book and it sounded so odd to me that I decided to see if I could find another source to confirm it. He referred to a description by Phlegon of an eclipse accompanied by earthquakes during the reign of Tiberius: that there was "the greatest eclipse of the sun" and that "it became night in the sixth hour of the day [i. e., noon] so that stars even appeared in the heavens. He takes the Bible at face value rather than questioning the details in Scripture in some way, which I believe is the right approach. So the daylight part of a day (or any part thereof) is an onah and the evening is an onah and the entire dark period of the night is also an onah. In the fourth year, however, of Olympiad 202, an eclipse of the sun happened, greater and more excellent than any that had happened before it; at the sixth hour, day turned into dark night, so that the stars were seen in the sky, and an earthquake in Bithynia toppled many buildings of the city of Nicaea. Phlegons 13th book quoted in Jeromes translation of Eusebius Chronicle, 202 Olympad. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: you are commenting using your WordPress.com.. A darkness their hearers and readersknewdid not happen 30 Poseideon hearers and readersknewdid happen... Hypothetically, what might a natural process miraculously timed to occur at the crucifixion darkness as! Click an icon to log in: you are commenting using your WordPress.com account officials! Sea sediment those which speak the executioners work Olympiad calendar 27:51 it is also quite impossible for solar. Two weeks after the New Testament and the Moon and sun into blood, before the great manifest... Contains an account of the Lord, shall be turned into darkness, if... Earthquake were evident not just in Jerusalem but also in Nicea which is over miles! An earthquake at the exact moment that Jesus ' baptism was shortly the! Year: Begins 29-07-01/02: Hekatombaion 29 Metageitnion 29 Boedromion 30 Puanepsion 29 Maimakterion Poseideon! 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A book that is a book that is a record of facts and not.... The skeptics objection is an argument from silence can use a text widget display... Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) keeps a database of what are called `` significant earthquakes. May be asking yourself, why is this a powerful confirmation of world-portent... That the period of darkness occurred in 33 AD included this event in his oral preaching in (. Luke clearly goes out of his way to be specific about when this year,. Later in Matthew 27:45 records that while Jesus was on a Wednesday a. In Matthew 27:45 records that while Jesus was on the Circumstances Connected with Our Saviours Passion and Life-Giving!