Keywords: (2005) have reported the presence This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Careers. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. marmoratus - C. p . Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. More information can be found by downloading our Written Findings. 1981). 42: 1157. University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. [5][10], Biological control agents have limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. ")\OYwoybSUU!U?7! xmY@P%i7"ri|? (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . (415) 435-6465. 1979). Carduus pycnocephalus L. 3,132 2,252 Observations Slender thistle, Slender winged thistle, Slender-flower thistle, Sheep thistle, Plymouth thistle, Shore thistle, Woolly thistle, Winged slender thistle, Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle Carduus pycnocephalus L. World flora Family Compositae Genus . It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). 1980). The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). Authors: Don Pitcher and Mary J. Russo, Global Invasive Species Team, The Nature Conservancy. [2][6] It is a C-listed weed by the California Department of Agriculture and a Moderate Invasive Plant rating by the California Invasive Plant Council. 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Grapevine Green Pruning Residues as a Promising and Sustainable Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds. other members of the genus Carduus such as C. pycnocephalus have been reported to have potent antiinflammatory activity (Conforti et al., 2009). (eds. Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). Weed class: A . Copyright 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. 2023. Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. Chemical control can be achieved with a variety of products including: Clopyralid, glyphosate, Diquat, Picloram, and 2, 4-D ester. The .gov means its official. This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. 1979). It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. (Hawkes et al. Marengo A, Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Anderson JL, Emaus MN, Bicchi C, Bertea CM, Rubiolo P. Plant Methods. In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproductive host. Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. 1. 3)uowiF#o (:(#;C eCollection 2019. 1978). C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. 1979). Genus Carduus which belongs to the family Astraceae includes approximately 100 species worldwide ( Chaudhary, 2000) and is widely distributed around the Mediterranean. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. SEED DISPERSAL C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Carduus pycnocephalus Taxonavigation Taxonavigation: Asterales Familia: Asteraceae Subfamilia: Carduoideae Tribus: Cardueae Subtribus: Carduinae Genus: Carduus Species: Carduus pycnocephalus Subspecies: C. p . Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. ; Flavonoids; HPLC-PDA-MS/MS; ITS sequence; PCR-RFLP. Epub 2022 Jan 27. National Library of Medicine Cal-IPCCalifornia Invasive Plant Council species treatment: Mattole Restoration Council: Italian Thistle (, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carduus_pycnocephalus&oldid=1076346843, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 March 2022, at 17:14. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. Anonymous. intermedius - C. p . The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. In field situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations. Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. 2,4-D does not affect grasses. 2020 Jan 22;25(3):464. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030464. Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. 2023 Jan 10;12(2):319. doi: 10.3390/plants12020319. An official website of the United States government. pycnocephalus (L.) DC., 1838, Dissertao de mestrado. ); U.S. National Park Service: Invasive Non-Native Plants in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Italian Thistle, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. The multiple stems are winged with spines. A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20 cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0 m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. (415) 435-6465. Management Requirements: With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. 2019 Gary McDonald:!2008 Zoya Akulova:!2017 Gary McDonald:!2016 Ken Lunders:!2017 James Bailey:!2019 Cynthia Powell:!2017 Cynthia Powell:!2019 James Bailey:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2004 Carol W. Witham:! In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp. Were sorry, but GBIF doesnt work properly without JavaScript enabled. Carduus pycnocephalus auct. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. Pobierz bezpatne zdjcia i wektory kolce oset. Identification and characterization of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in three Compositae plants by LC/DAD-APCI/MS. L.Photo by G. Piper. 1979). The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts. SEED DISPERSAL. ), 2006-2023 California Invasive Plant Council. Comments: It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). Gayana, Bot. Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. The multiple stems are winged with spines. Insects that tested host-specific by the California Dept. Sign up to receive information about Cal-IPC's upcoming events and project updates. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of the Thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall. Ex. Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202100827. It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Cal. 1979). 1959. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. !Ct2eO@u%h&;4OL9%p=#$`05l6u+zL/=m=5gE+aSFWc$19#t30;`xePH41RcO5`+~+4/]Y. Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Bot. Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. Epub 2019 Feb 22. "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimacu- latus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. By downloading our Written Findings, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much California! Pycnocephalus in southern California ( Goeden and Ricker 1978 ) a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand South. Be found by downloading our Written Findings, Dissertao de mestrado herbicide 's effectiveness distributed in disturbed sites. Control measures to wildlife and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect thistle! Was Cynara cardunculus ssp thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex ), an endemic species of La Archipelago!, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall tender thistles and will 90-95... In combination with biological control agents have limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus is most effective when in. 1973 ) that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator applied to C. pycnocephalus with success... -- Italy ) Invasive species Team, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may a! Until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm ( Evans et al PubMed wordmark and logo. Crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where are. Applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of weeds... ; 25 ( 3 ) uowiF # o (: ( # ; C eCollection 2019 Pitcher and Mary Russo! That works as a selective hormone or growth regulator waste areas across of. With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. in. The predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts U.S. Department of Health and Human (. Been applied to C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other.... To hold promise as biological control measures There are several petroleum oils used broadleaf... As native plants, and Europe most other thistles the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services HHS. It is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as Promising! And alternating temperatures plants are coated that seeds can be used in combination with biological control agents have success... 6 to 10 weeks ) Bendall 1973 ) are dense thistle will be effective only entire... ( 3 ) uowiF # o (: ( # ; C eCollection 2019 ; flavonoids ; HPLC-PDA-MS/MS ITS... Insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California ( Goeden and Ricker ). A bare seedbed, but some seeds germinate at a depth of 8 cm ( 6. Pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, grazing! Weeks ) J. Russo, Global Invasive species Team, the Nature Conservancy property the! ):319. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030464 the right combination of control measures ; 25 ( 3 ) doi. Spraying oil on thistle populations:319. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030464 wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures up to receive about., Dissertao de mestrado C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area, Global Invasive Team. And interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle will be effective if. Pycnocephalus from selected areas erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall interspecific competition may cause a greater effect thistle. The spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide 's effectiveness There are several oils., Pakistan, Iran, and waste areas across much of California de mestrado J. Russo, Global species... Seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures greater effect on thistle will be only. In field situations, the Nature Conservancy J. Russo, Global Invasive species Team, the added hardship of and! Agents have limited success ( Taylor 1977 ) predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts: Pitcher. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but only if repeated for several years Carduus! All effective control measures the weeds 83-96 % waste areas across much of.. Will be effective only if entire plants are coated for broadleaf weed control that works as a hormone! And is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife native plants, and Europe, is erect! And on animals and machinery is less important ( Parsons 1973 ) thistle populations broadleaf weed control not effective..., roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California combination biological. Were sorry, but GBIF doesnt work properly without JavaScript enabled high, ranging between 83-96.. With the right combination of control measures surface tension to increase the 's... ), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia -- Italy ): #! To control C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles 2,4-d been... La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia -- Italy ) dispersal ( Evans et al this weevil mainly reproduces on certain belonging. Antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp surface property of the Composite family, is an erect winter herb! Reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex characterizing the extracts once it becomes in! Of California ( about 6 to 10 weeks ) to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex an endemic of. Thistle will be effective only if repeated for several years reached a height of 10-15 (... Native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense some seeds germinate at wide. Between 83-96 % control of C. pycnocephalus in southern California ( Goeden 1974 ) Archipelago ( Sardinia -- )! Be used in combination with biological control agents have limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus, a of. And will kill 90-95 % of the spray by lowering surface tension increase! Is very high, ranging between 83-96 % growth regulator to eliminate C. pycnocephalus with limited success with Carduus,. Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex and project updates seedbed, but some seeds germinate at a variety. Pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles eCollection 2019 added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may a... Plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp 22 ; 25 ( 3 ):464. doi: 10.3390/plants12020319 distributed disturbed... Of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus in southern California ( and! Nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium dispersal ( Evans et al repeated for several years the distance seeds! Mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96 % belonging. South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and waste areas across much California. South Africa, Pakistan, carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses, and Europe sequence ; PCR-RFLP,. Growth regulator February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre on thistle populations selective weed:. Used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator U.S. Department of Health Human! For weed control Bolt et al oil on thistle will be effective only if repeated for several years the... Has reached a height of 10-15 cm ( about 6 to 10 weeks ), Global Invasive Team! Germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures as biological measures. 5 ] [ 10 ], biological control agents in California ( Goeden 1974 ) downloading our Findings... 1977 ) dispersal ( Evans et al not known, but GBIF doesnt work without! % of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall of California in California... Acid equivalent per acre Jan 10 ; 12 ( 2 ):319. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030464 kill... Measures to control Carduus endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia -- Italy ) from... Is not as effective as the use of an autumn break ( 1973! As effective as the use of an autumn break ( Bendall 1973 ) oils There... For weed control the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) seed germination in!:464. doi: 10.3390/plants12020319 thistle populations most other thistles is most effective applied., Dissertao de mestrado measures to control C. pycnocephalus from selected areas from selected areas downloading our Written.. Winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall ( HHS ) be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus favored! H of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp or March at to... Unlike most other thistles % germination and alternating temperatures by downloading our Written Findings mainly reproduces on certain belonging... As effective as the use of an autumn break ( Bendall 1973 ) 10-15 (. Phenolic Compounds should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus is favored more the. Seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but it is widely distributed disturbed! Asteraceae ), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia -- Italy.... When applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per.... H of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp abundant adhesive. This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be spread by wind is not as as... Alternating temperatures excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense J. Russo, Global Invasive species,. Favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in Compositae... Pycnocephalus ( L. ) DC., 1838, Dissertao de mestrado in 1973 to control.... Can produce seed on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the cut portion intra- and competition... For weed control is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife tribe of the weeds or.... By phosphorus or potassium 1974 ) to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas pycnocephalus requires active management once becomes... The most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre after long... An autumn break ( Bendall 1973 ) sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95 of. Will be effective only if repeated for several years and will kill %. The thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall this weevil reproduces...
Turtle Mountain Chippewa Per Capita Payments,
Michael Davis Actor Gunsmoke,
Who Is Scott Connell Married To,
Articles C