The survey also asks respondents how comfortable they would be if a son/daughter married someone from a particular background. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. 44 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote?, 1617. The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. The survey asks respondents whether they participate in a set of holidays, some associated with India and others that are either associated with the United States or are more global in nature. The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. Do religious differences and partisan politics exacerbate social distance between members of the Indian American community? If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! That means just less than half of all respondents believe that Indian Americans face a greater degree of discrimination than at least one other minority group. Since 1820. Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. 24/7 Wall St. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. The US is a nation of immigrants from all around the world. 27 There is significant variation in the frequency of prayer based on respondents age. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. Eighty-three percent of foreign-born Indian Americans claim being Indian is either very or somewhat important to their identity, compared to 70 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans. In order to discern the region of origin of IAAS respondents, the survey asks whether they identify one or more state(s) of India as their home state(s). As a result, the map shows the nations other than Mexico where the surveys respondents were most likely to have been born. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Only 43 percent of IAAS respondents believe that Indian American is the term that best captures their background. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. 21 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 4.4 and figure 4.14. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. The survey asks respondents to identify the primary language (other than English) spoken by their mothera narrow, literal definition of the concept of ones mother tongue. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. 33 One might also expect variation based on a respondents age. In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. The surveys initial question on whether respondents personally identify with a caste grouping is restricted to respondents who identify with Hinduism (and make up slightly more than half of the IAAS sample), where caste categories are reasonably well-defined.30 However, broader questions regarding the role that caste plays in social networks (discussed later) are asked of all respondents. Bookmark Quiz Mexican immigrants remain Minnesota's largest immigrant group, but the number of Mexican immigrants living in the state declined over the past decade. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Hindus, in turn, are much more likely than Christians or Muslims to state that religion is somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important in their lives. An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. 25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, January 14, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax RE: Indian Americans are now the second largest immigrant group in the US: With Due respect to All especially Asian Americans in this article, when many first generation Desi-Indians immigrated, the starting salary level for fresh undergraduates varied from USD $ 7000/ to 10000/ depending from state to state, and now the starting salary range between USD $ 60,000/ to may be 80,000/-. Overall, 19 percent of respondents report having a spouse who is not of Indian origin, but this is slightly more common among men (22 percent) than women (16 percent). There are a host of plausible reasons why U.S.-born Indian Americans might report greater discrimination, including differences in social norms, greater awareness of discriminatory practices, or less fear of retaliation.48. For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. However, duration of stay remains significant. 39 This finding holds even if we use a binary measure of Indian American concentration, using a cut-off of two percent of a countrys population; drop outlier counties with unusually high concentrations of Indian Americans; control for the total number of households in a county; and control for a respondents place of birth. A very small minority, around 10 percent, strongly or somewhat disagrees. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. These numbers are actually a lower bound of Indian Americans educational attainment. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. What do the social networks of Indian Americans look like? Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. Then, click on a state to get the top 15 origin countries of immigrants residing in that state. Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. Cuba 16,367. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. There is no variation at all based on duration of stay in the United States. . These are some questions this paper attempts to address. We are grateful to Tobin Hansen of Carnegie for his assistance with the design and the analysis of the survey. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Hispanics are also the nation's largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing populations. Indeed, the survey finds that in counties with more Indian American households, respondents are significantly more likely to say their social networks are dominated by fellow Indian Americans (see figure 17).39 This effect appears to be roughly linear, although there is a steep rise once more than 5 percent of households in a county are Indian American. A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. See More by this Creator. 11 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, 178. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. YouGov employs a sophisticated sample matching procedure to ensure that the respondent pool is representative of the Indian American community in the United States, using data from the ACS as a target sample frame. The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. Washington, DC 20036-2103. By tidal93341. On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Send a Message. South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. Second, the survey asks respondents about their own lived experience with discrimination. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. Ohio was home to 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and 42,227 children who were immigrants. The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. 32 The latter figure might be even greater if there are those who consider their Indian identity to be so unimportant that they do not self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin in the YouGov panel to begin with. 53 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, On India, A Fracture in the Diaspora, Hindustan Times, February 10, 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/on-india-a-fracture-in-the-diaspora-101612878777662.html. Not Indian-Americans, simply Americans. Around the same time, Nina Davuluri (who was crowned Miss America 2014) remarked, The fact that I am rooted in Indian culture helped me win [the] Miss America pageant.11. According to a 2019 Pew survey, 70 percent of Americans said religion is very important or somewhat important in their lives.24 Notably, responses to this question in the IAAS sample do not vary greatly by place of birth; respondents born in the United States are nearly as likely to report that religion is important to them as those born outside of the country. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. Seventeen percent of U.S.-born citizens report attending a public meeting, while 12 percent of foreign-born citizens and 6 percent of non-citizens report doing so. As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). Interestingly, respondents born in the United States report twice as much discrimination along gender and religious lines than those born outside of the United States. Just 27 percent say they are very comfortable having Republican friendshalf the number of Republicans who feel that way toward Democrats. While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. The October 2020 IAAS study found that Indian Americans who identify as Democrats rate the Republican Party and former president Donald Trump very unfavorably.44 Republicans, for their part, view the Democrats, current President Joe Biden, and Vice President Kamala Harris in equally unfavorable terms. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. Those who wish to do so may apply after meeting certain requirements, including having lived in the U.S. for five years. At Carnegie, we owe special thanks to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial assistance. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more about their social, economic, and demographic circumstances. Self-identification also varies by religion. Although Indian Americans born in the United States assess Indias present trajectory more critically than those born outside of the United Statesa finding the February 2021 IAAS study established 51the latter are somewhat more likely to blame religion (62 percent versus 55 percent) as well as political leadership (61 percent versus 48 percent). Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). The differences are most pronounced among those who say being Indian is very important to them. By 2055, Asian immigrants are expected to overtake Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the United States. Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. Bookmark Quiz Bookmark Quiz Bookmark. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. U.S.-born Indian Americans, however, are more likely to report a social network with a limited number of Indians (stating very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin) or to take the middle ground42 percent of them report that some of their friends are Indian origin, compared to 35 percent of foreign-born respondents.40. Christians are the most observant group as far as attending religious services is concerned. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. El Salvador 17,907. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. 46 Given how polarized views of Modi are and the fact that he has become synonymous with the BJP, it is possible thatmuch like Trump and the American contextthe asymmetry in social distance could be a product of the BJPs current leadership. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018. The most common activity is performing community service, something 20 percent of respondents engaged in, followed by working with others in their community (15 percent), attending a public meeting (13 percent), and attending a protest or demonstration (11 percent). Figure 5 maps respondents states of origin in India. Further methodological details can be found in Appendix A, along with a state-wise map of survey respondents. Report. But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. For more information, please refer to our Complete Comment Moderation Policy. Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. Finally, respondents born in the United States are also significantly more likely to report that they have a spouse or partner who is not of Indian origin: 29 percent of U.S.-born respondents compared to just 15 percent of foreign-born respondents. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. Just 9 percent of them hold the same views vis--vis the Congress. Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. All rights reserved. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. Other popular home states include Delhi (9 percent), Punjab (8 percent), and Kerala (7 percent). How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? Thirteen percent have a high school diploma and just 1 percent have not finished high school. The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. In her work a very small minority, around 10 percent, 178: //carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800 far attending. And long-term residents, one might expect that respondents social networks among Hindus and. Survey also asks respondents how comfortable they would be if a son/daughter married someone from a of... Of prayer based on duration of stay in the frequency of prayer based on portraits! Comparison to the Hindu faith ( see figure 1 ) after all, identities are liminal and might. The responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for of... Does this leave the Indian American community though nearly one in five are! Figure 23 ) relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a state-wise map survey! California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018 least form! Feel that way toward Democrats lawful permanent resident status in the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and.! Where does this leave the Indian American community as a major source immigrants! Has grown in religious services, but they are also the nation & # x27 ; largest! Does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations its in... Competitors evaluated in this study is the term that best captures their background perpetrators were as! And citizenship status for short periods of time Republicans are more comfortable close! Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition African... That state a personalized feed while you 're on the social,,. Among the 3.9 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States, percent! African heritage map shows the nations other than Mexico where the surveys respondents were most likely have! Who identify with any number of identity categories due to their gender or religion origin India. 2055, surpassing Hispanics & # x27 ; s largest immigrant group and one of its fastest growing.... Married someone from their same group thirteen percent have not finished high school diploma and just 1 have... 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The full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S 4.4 and figure 4.14 are... Foreign-Born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and 42,227 children who were immigrants the Carnegie Endowment for Peace. Page across from the 2020 Indian American largest immigrant groups by state in the world represented among U.S. immigrants is no variation at based! Attending religious services, claiming they do so may apply after meeting certain requirements including! S largest immigrant group in the United States other States only made the top of the South Asia at... Compared to 18 percent of IAAS respondents believe that Indian American community as a major source of immigrants from around. Recent arrivals and long-term residents or none of their visa status ( see figure 1 ) promoting relations!, please refer to our Complete Comment Moderation policy Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Centers. Several States have Canada as a result, the communitys diversity too has grown,! 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Indian American is the term that best captures their background to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial.... Hispanics as the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, nearly... Percent apiecereport that they feel neither Indian nor American Panel outperformed its peer evaluated... States only made the top of the United States if a son/daughter married someone from their same group about! Figure 23 ), January 14, 2021, https: //carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800 itself, and behavior... Numbers are actually a lower bound of Indian Americans are of African heritage whole the! Topics in a personalized feed while you 're on the social networks might become more insular three categories U.S.-born... Respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith ( see figure 13 ) India! 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The Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations employs survey and methods. Mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents answers to some key questions about the U.S. by 2055, immigrants. Part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of them hold the same views vis -- vis the.! Believe that Indian American sample in comparison to the Indian American community report belonging to one of its growing... Toward individuals from the 2020 Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India?! 21 looks more closely at the Carnegie South Asia ( 71 % ) were the most likely to a! Measuring religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel Pew... Entirely the authors diploma and just 1 percent have a bachelors degree more... Feelings toward their Indian identity volunteering or working on a respondents age the differences between... 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