Zeus coupled with her and she bore the god Aegipan. As the months progress it is seen to rise earlier and earlier in the night, and gradually assumes a higher position in the heavens prior to dawn, until one evening, it has reached the western horizon, before dissappearing completely from view (which is known as the constellation's astronomical setting). The most important of the heliacal risings were those of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. (Hyginus 2.1 & 2.6 on Araethus of Tegea. ), BOOTES The inventor of the wagon or plough, a son of the goddess Demeter. ), EAGLE OF ZEUS 2 An eagle which appeared to Zeus as a sign of good omen when he was sacrificing on an altar prior to the commencement of his war against the Titans. Greek : Ikhthyes (the Fishes) As a reward for this service to mankind he was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Bootes. Various myths describe the birth and death of the semi-immortal constellations: such as the Gemini twins, or Dioskouroi, who were said to divide their time equally between Heaven and Haides. Akkadian : Niru (the Yoke) Her father and was placed beside her in the form of the Kneeler ("Hercules") apparently lamenting her fate. Akkadian : Zibanitu Of these, the twelve signs whose paths intersect with the dawn rising of the sun were known as zodiakos (the zodiac) or zodiakos kyrklos (circle of small animals). (Hyginus 2.24. (Hyginus 2.6. Akkadian : Lulimu (the Stag), ANDROMEDA A Princess of Ethiopia, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopea. Their rising heralded the onset of the rainy season in Greece. Sumerian : BURANUN (the Euphrates), ERIDANUS A river believed to flow through the mythical northern land of Hyperborea. ), Greek : Perseus (the Destroyer) ), MILK OF RHEA When the Titaness Rhea presented a stone wrapped in swaddling cloth to Cronus as substitute for the infant Zeus, the Titan pressed it against her breast and milk flowed forth which flowed formed the Milky Way. Water nymphs (Naiads) were reputed to drown those with whom they fell in love, such as Hylas, a companion of Heracles. Consequently, Zeus hid them in the Earth, where they became spirits among the dead. Greek : Hyades (the Rainy Ones), Latin : Vergiliae Sumerian : SUHUR.MÁSH (the Goat-Fish), AEGIPAN 1 A goatish sea god who came to the assistance of Zeus in the War of the Titans, and filled the enemy with panic. As a reward for its service the god placed the goat and its two kids amongst the stars about the constellation Auriga: Capra the goat sitting on his left shoulder, and the Kids in his left hand. The Titan Atlas, who stood either beneath the axis of heaven in the far north (in the land of the Hyperboreans), or at heaven's western rim in by the Atlas mountains in North Africa, was said to spin the dome around upon his shoulders, causing the stars to rise and set. (Hyginus 2.7 on Eratosthenes. Myths of seasonal renewal, in which the deity dies and returns to life at particular times of the year, are plentiful. They were nurses of the god Dionysus who were awarded for their service with a place amongst the stars of heaven. (Hyginus 2.4. Sumerian : AL.LUL (the Crab), Latin : Aselli (the Asses) (Hyginus 2.21 on Pherecydes. ), DOG OF ORION The dog of the giant hunter Orion who stands above it in the heavens. ), HERACLES & APOLLO When Apollo commanded that Heracles be sold into slavery to atone for murder, the hero was enraged as wrestled the god for the Delphic tripod. In Greek mythology, Narcissus (/ n ɑːr ˈ s ɪ s ə s /; Ancient Greek: Νάρκισσος Nárkissos) was a hunter from Thespiae in Boeotia who was known for his beauty. Because so much rain fell during his reign he was represented amongst the stars as the Water-Pourer. (Hyginus 2.33. Zeus next created the men of the Bronze Age, men of violence who perished by mutual destruction. This handsome young man was loved by both Persephone, queen of … ), Latin : Hercules Baucis, an old Phrygian woman, and Philemon, her husband, for example, were saved from a flood by offering hospitality to Zeus and Hermes, both of whom were in human form. ), CLAWS OF THE SCORPION The claws of the constellation Scorpio were sometimes said to be represented amongst the stars as Libra. Orion was also described by Homer both striding across the heavens and hunting wild beasts in the underworld. As a memorial the whole family were placed amongst the stars, but Cassiopea because of her pride, was set to hang eternally upside down on her throne. (Aratus 137. (Hyginus 2.8. As a memorial the whole family--Cepheus, Cassiopea, Andromeda and Perseus--were placed amongst the stars. Greek : Andromedê Greek : Deltôton (the Triangle or letter D), DIVISION OF THE COSMOS A triangle was placed amongst the stars to commemorate the division of the universe amongst the three sons of Cronus : Zeus received the heavens, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld. Others say the triangle represented the whole of Egypt from the Nile border with Egypt down to the sea. Satyrs (youthful folk deities with bestial features) and sileni (old and drunken folk deities) were the nymphs’ male counterparts. The Odyssey is the prime example of the wholesale importation of folktales into epic. ), MELANIPPE A daughter of the centaur Chiron. ), RAM OF AMMON 2 An Egyptian (god) named Hammon was the first to herd flocks of sheep. Similarly, the presence of the cuckoo on Hera’s sceptre at Hermione or the invention of the panpipe were explained by fables. Also popular were myths of fairylands, such as the Garden of the Hesperides (in the far west) or the land of the Hyperboreans (in the far north), or encounters with unusual creatures, such as the Centaurs, or distinctive societies, such as the Amazons. (Hyginus 2.2 on Aglaosthenes, Aratus 25. ), Latin : Bootes Orion was also set in heaven, but doomed to continue a futile chase for all eternity. ), MYRTILUS The charioteer of King Oinomaos of Pisa, and a son of the god Hermes. (Hyginus 2.38. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Sources of myths: literary and archaeological, Greek mythological characters and motifs in art and literature. Greek : Toxeutês (the Archer) As the constellation gradually rises earlier and earlier in the night, its place on the solar horizon at dawn is eventually replaced by the next constellation of the zodiac, namely Cancer, in mid June. Akkadian : Alluttu (the Crab) But because the pair had conflicting fates - one was destined never to be caught, and the other never to surrender the chase--Zeus transferred the pair to the heavens to play out their contest unresolved for all eternity. (Hyginus 2.32. (Hyginus 2.6. Upon reaching Colchis the ram shed its golden fleece for Phrixus who hung it in a sacred grove, and flew up to the heavens to take a place amongst the stars as the dimly shining constellation Aries. Akkadian : Shidallu (the True Shepherd of Anu) Dionysus then placed him, his daughter Erigone and their dog Maira, amongst the stars as the constellations Bootes, Virgo and Canis Major. He received it as a gift from Aphrodite and after his return from the underworld with his mother Semele he set it amongst the stars in memorial of the event. (Hyginus 2.15 on Eratosthenes. (Hyginus 2.21. (Hyginus 2.14. Greek : Stephanos (the Crown) (Hyginus 2.6 on Hergesianax. Dolphin (Delphin) was sent to find her, and he persuaded her to return. (Hyginus 2.23. As these powers tended to be wide, the myths of many gods were correspondingly complex. The god drove them to terror with his illusions and, when they leapt from the ship, he transformed them into dolphins. ), Latin : Triangulum (the Triangle) The Greek word for constellations was katasterismoi. Greek : Ophiokhos (the Serpent Holder), ASCLEPIUS The great physician, a son of the god Apollo. Charon, the grisly ferryman of the dead, was also a popular figure of folktale. He in turn gave it to Ariadne as reward for the assistance she provided him in navigating the passages of the Labyrinth. In memorial of the event Athena placed Perseus, Andromeda, Cepheus and Cassiopea (the girl's parents) and Cetus (the Sea Monster) amongst the stars. Thus, the Homeric Hymns to Demeter, a goddess of agriculture, and to the Delian and Pythian Apollo describe how these deities came to be associated with sites at Eleusis, Delos, and Delphi, respectively. As a memorial of her trials, Io was set amongst the stars as the constellation "Taurus." The god won and killed the beast, but Dionysus in pity set it amongst the stars on the back of Cancer. (Hyginus 2.9. ), HARE OF LEROS The island of Leros was once free of hares, until a young man brought a pregnant female into the country as a pet. Sumerian : ZI.BA.AN.NA (the Scales), SCALES OF JUSTICE The scales of Astraea, the goddess of justice, were placed beside her in the heavens as the constellation Libra. The formula was evidently adopted from eastern sources, in particular the star myths of the so-called "Phoenician Heracles," the hero-god of Lebanon, Melqart. (Hyginus 2.23. Greek : Protrugêtêr (the Vintager), ASTRAEA The maiden goddess of justice, who departed from the earth at the start of the Brazen Age of Man. ), D FOR DIOS The Greek letter Delta (shaped like a triangle) was placed amongst the stars by Hermes to mark more clearly the faint sign of Aries. Akkadian : Zappu (the Bristle) (Hyginus 2.16. He was seized and carried off to heaven by an eagle sent down by Zeus, to become the cup-bearer of the gods. ), Latin : Hydra (the Water Serpent) Akkadian : Sisû (the Horse) (Hyginus 2.35. CHIRON The wise centaur Chiron was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Saggitarius or Centaurus, when he surrendered his immortality after being poisoned by an arrow of Heracles. Tyche herself was one of the goddesses identified as Virgo. He’s one of those fellows you’d love to have a pint and ploughman’s lunch with on a lazy Sunday afternoon. (Hyginus 2.6. All the best-known Greek hero myths, such as the labours of Heracles and the adventures of Perseus, Cadmus, Pelops, or Oedipus, depend more for their interest on folktales than on legend. Sumerian : MUL.MUL (the Stars), BULL OF EUROPA When the Phoenician princess Europa was playing by the sea shore, Zeus approached her in the guise of a bull and, tempting her to climb onto his back, carried her away to the island of Crete. ), Latin : Saggita (the Arrow) His oxen and plough were set alongside him as the Wain, i.e., the constellations Ursa Major and Minor. The aim of the project is to provide a comprehensive, free reference guide to the gods (theoi), spirits (daimones), fabulous creatures (theres) and heroes of ancient Greek mythology and religion. The gods as a memorial, set the whole family amongst the stars as constellations. “Race” is the more accurate translation, but “Golden Age” has become so established in English that both terms should be mentioned. (Hyginus 2.4 & 2.25. Akkadian : Tu'amu rabûtu (the Great Twins) Akkadian : Erû (the Eagle) ), DRAGON OF ATHENA A gigantic serpent which was cast at the goddess Athena during the giant war. She was nevertheless recognised by the goddess who set a maddening gladfly to torment her that drive her wandering to Egypt. As a reward for her service, she was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Ursa Major, along with her sister Cynosura as Ursa Minor. ), WAIN OF BOOTES The ox-drawn wagon or plough of the farmer Bootes was set amongst the stars in the form of the constellation Ursa Major. Greek : Kyôn (the Dog) As a memorial Zeus commemorated the deed amongst the stars of heaven. Greek : Zyygos (the Scales) or Khêlai (the Claws) Akkadian : Nunu (the Fish) & Shinunutu (the Swallow) Helios in his chariot, relief sculpture excavated at Troy in 1872; in the National Museums in Berlin. Even the gentle Muses (goddesses of the arts and sciences) blinded their human rivals, such as the bard Thamyris. ), Latin : Centaurus (the Centaur) He was depicted pouring libations at the atlar in the form of the three constellations Ara (the Altar), Crater (the Cup), and Centaurus (the Centaur). (Hyginus 2.26. (Hyginus 2.2. Greek creation myths (cosmogonies) and views of the universe (cosmologies) were more systematic and specific than those of other ancient peoples. (Hyginus 2.6 on Panyassis & Eratosthenes. It and its owner were placed amongst the stars as the adjacent constellations Crater and Centaurus. (Hyginus 2.16. Hidden deep within the bowels of the earth and ruled by the god Hades and his wife Persephone, the Underworld was the kingdom of the dead in Greek mythology, the sunless place where the souls of those who died went after death. He was placed amongst the stars by Apollo and the Muses as a kneeling man with a lyre. (the Goat Horn) She was later placed amongst the stars as the constellation Ursa Major, along with her son Arcas, who became Bootes. al. She received from the gods as a wedding gift upon her marriage to the god Dionysus. ), Latin : Ophiuchus HEADING The common English name for the constellation. Zeus, pitying his son, sent an eagle which snatched away her sandal and delivered it the god, which he used to barter for her favours. Hero myths included elements from tradition, folktale, and fiction. The goddess punished Carnobon and afterwards set him amongst the stars struggling eternally with a serpent as warning. Greek : Drakôn (the Dragon), HESPERIAN DRAGON The huge serpent which guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides. Hector donning his breastplate, amphora by Euthymides, c. 500, Dionysus and Ariadne with an Eros figure, fragmentary Apulian red-figure pelike, terra-cotta from Apulia, Italy, about 360–350, Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis, marble relief, portion of the east section of the Parthenon frieze, 448–429, Reverse side of a silver denarius showing Odysseus walking with a staff and being greeted by his dog, Argus, in a narrative illustration of Homer's. Greek : Tauros (the Bull) ), HYADES Five nymphs whose stars outline the face of the bull Taurus. He was placed amongst the stars as a warning along with his lyre as the constellations Ennosagin (or "Hercules") and Lyra. ), EAGLE OF ZEUS 1 The eagle which Zeus sent to snatch the handsome Trojan youth Ganymedes up to heaven. Greek creation myths (cosmogonies) and views of the universe (cosmologies) were more systematic and specific than those of other ancient peoples. (Hyginus 2.29 on Eubulus. Some scholars hold that Persephone’s time belowground represents the summer months, when Greek fields are parched and bare, but the Hymn to Demeter, the earliest source for the myth, states explicitly that Persephone returns when the spring flowers are flourishing (line 401). It was set to flow amongst the northern stars. (Hyginus 2.4 & 2.35. In the Works and Days, Hesiod makes use of a scheme of Four Ages (or Races): Golden, Silver, Bronze, and Iron. The milk which flowed forth formed the Milky Way. Greek : Didymoi (the Twins) ), ORSILOCHUS An Argive man who in local legend was the inventor of the chariot. The gods placed him amongst the stars as the constellation Centaurus, along with his drinking cup Crater. The crudity is relieved, however, in characteristic Greek fashion, by the friendly collaboration of Uranus and Gaea, after their divorce, on a plan to save Zeus from the same Cronus, his cannibalistic sire. (Hyginus 2.2 on Thales of Miletus. NAME A character associated with the constellation in surviving compilations of star myths. He was depicted kneeling in lamentation with a hand reached out to his daughter Megisto, the constellation Ursa Major, who had been transformed into a bear. Sumerian : Á.MUSHEN (the Eagle), EAGLE OF APHRODITE When Zeus wished to seduce the goddess Nemesis, he transformed himself into a swan, and bade Aphrodite pursue him into her lap in the guise of an eagle. Mythos – The Greek Myths retold by Stephen Fry is a delight. (Hyginus 2.21 on Euripides. (Hyginus 2.38. (Hyginus 2.40. The first appearance of a constellation in the sky, occurs on the western horizon just prior to dawn (its so-called heliacal rising). (Hyginus 2.7, Aratus 268. ), MAERA The dog of Icarius, a devotee of the god Dionysus. On the other hand, events described in the Iliad probably owe far more to Homer’s creative ability than to genuine tradition. The Story of Echo and Narcissus is one of the most enduring tales from Greek mythology, ... place the body of the handsome youth upon it, they could not find it, as all that was left was a flower, the Narcissus flower. (Hyginus 2.38. Greek : Oinoi (the Asses), CARCINUS A crab of the Lernaean swamp which assisted the Hydra in her battle with Heracles. Similarly, the exploits of the Dioscuri are those of typical heroes: fighting, carrying off women, and cattle rustling. ), SCALES OF FATE The scales of Tyche, goddess of fortune, were set amongst the stars as the constellation Libra. (Hyginus 2.6. (This subjection of myth to history is not universal in Greece, but it is found in writers such as Hesiod, Xenophanes, Pindar, Aeschylus, and Plato.) It was first bestowed on Europa by Zeus, who passed it to her son Minos, and from him to Procris and Cephalus. ), AEX OF PAN The goatish wife of the god Pan. (Hyginus 2.14. Greek : Krêtêr (the Drinking Cup), CUP OF PHOLUS The drinking cup of the the centaur Pholos. The creative process began with the forcible separation of Gaea from her doting consort Heaven (Uranus) in order to allow her progeny to be born. (Hyginus 2.16. It was sent by the cloud nymph Nephele to rescue her children, Phrixus and Helle, who were about to be sacrificed to the gods. The gods’ jealousy of mortals’ musical talents appears in the beating and flaying of the aulos-playing satyr, Marsyas, by Athena and Apollo, as well as in the attaching of ass’s ears to King Midas for failing to appreciate the superiority of Apollo’s music to that of the god Pan. Greek : Parthenos (the Virgin), Latin : Vindemiator (the Vintager) ), NILE The great river of Egypt was placed amongst the stars as the constellations Eridanus and Delta. Greek : Leon (the Lion) ), HARE OF HERMES A hare was placed amongst the stars by the god Hermes in honour of the species' bountiful fertility. ), TRIOPAS A Thessalian king. Only those few closest to the pole--namely, Ursa Major and Minor (the Bears), and Draco (the Dragon)--appear to travel at night in an eternal circle around the pole. The animals serve other purposes in the narratives. (Hyginus 2.28. The gods then transformed her into a horse, and after her child was born set her amongst the stars as a constellation. Other types of myth exemplified the belief that the gods sometimes appeared on Earth disguised as men and women and rewarded any help or hospitality offered them. (Hyginus 2.33. (Hyginus 2.26, Aratus 634. Sumerian : KU (the Fish) & SIM.MAH (the Swallow), FISHES OF APHRODITE When the monster Typhon attacked Olympus, the gods fled in a body to the south. To commemorate the event he placed the eagle and altar amongst the stars as the constellations Aquila and Ara. CROTUS A horse-legged, satyr hunter who was a companion of the Muses on Mount Helicon. Greek Mythology >> Star Myths (Constellations) STAR MYTHS. The serpent was set to guard the bowl, preventing the crow from drinking. The girl was offered up as sacrifice to the monster, but was rescued by the hero Perseus. From a very early period, Greek myths seem to have been open to criticism and alteration on grounds of morality or of misrepresentation of known facts. Greek : Boôtes (the Wagon-Driver) or Arktophylax (the Bear-Watcher) ), Latin : Draco (the Dragon) The warm months of spring and summer must yield to the cold and violence of winter, so perhaps the use of the word rape is unfortunate. Similarly, myths about Athena, the patroness of Athens, tend to emphasize the goddess’s love of war and her affection for heroes and the city of Athens, and those concerning Hermes (the messenger of the gods), Aphrodite (goddess of love), or Dionysus describe Hermes’ proclivities as a god of thieves, Aphrodite’s lovemaking, and Dionysus’s association with wine, frenzy, miracles, and even ritual death. ), ALTAR OF PHOLUS The kindly centaur Pholus was set amongst the stars by Zeus for his skill in augury. ), Latin : Aries (the Ram) As a memorial of this successful ruse he placed an eagle and swan in the sky as the constellations Cygnus and Aquila. When he was murdered by Pelops, his father set him in the heavens as the constellation Auriga. The fast-breeding animals quickly got out of control and devoured everything on the island, forcing the inhabitants to abandon their homes. Some say, the adjacent constellation Lyra was his. Because of the unbearable pain of the wound, he surrendered his immortality and was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Centaurus. (Hyginus 2.20 on Leon. Her symbols are the hearth and kettle. The Greek myths are allegorical, and I bet the smart ancients knew better than to take them literally. {Hyginus 2.20 on Hermippus. As punishment for his crime he was bound to a fiery wheel and fixed in the heavens as the constellation Engonasin, a warning to others. Hesiod may have known this version; he wishes to have been born either earlier or later. ), Latin : Cygnus (the Swan) The eagle was rewarded with a place amonst the stars. As thanks for his help the god set him amongst the stars as the goat-fish constellation Capricorn. ), CECROPS An early king of Athens who was the first to pour libations in honour of the gods. Greek : Ornis (the Bird) or Kygnos (the Swan), SWAN OF LEDA When Zeus wanted to seduce the goddess Nemesis he transformed himself into a swan, and bade Aphrodite in the guise of an eagle pursue him into her lap. Poseidon in wrath sent a sea-monster to devour the girl. Here the constellations were apparently believed to dwell deep beneath the earth in the misty pit of Tartaros, or else within the lands of the dead. The ancient Phoenicians navigated by her stars. Akkadian : Aribu (the Raven) Poseidon took the shape of a stallion to beget the wonder horses Arion and Pegasus. (Hyginus 2.25. (Hyginus 2.5. ), Latin : Crater (the Drinking Cup) Sumerian : PA.BIL.SAG. After the beast was slain by Heracles, Hera placed it amongst the stars as Draco. After her death it was set amongst the stars as the constellation Corona. (Hyginus 2.5 on the Argolica. To resolve the contrary fates of the two animals, Zeus placed them amongst the stars as the constellations Canis Major and Minor to play out the chase unresolved for eternity. (Hyginus 2.18 on Euripides. Greek : Gala (Milky Way), MILK OF HERA Zeus once conspired to place the infant Heracles at the breast of Hera. ), ORPHEUS A Thracian bard who was torn to pieces by the Bacchantes when they caught him spying on their secret rites. The scorpion was also placed amongst the stars and continued to plague him, for as it rose in the east, Orion fled beneath the horizon in the west. (Hyginus 2.20 on Hesiod & Pherecydes & Eratosthenes. When she was chained to the rocks, the hero Perseus spied her, slew the beast, and carried her off as his wife. ), DELTA OF EGYPT The triangle formed by the delta of the River Nile was placed amongst the stars as the constellation of the same name. It was tamed by the hero Bellerophon who rode it into battle against the three-headed monster Chimera. Greek : Kentauros (the Centaur) *. According to Greek cosmological concepts, the Earth was viewed as a flat disk afloat on the river of Ocean. After an inordinately prolonged childhood, the men of the Silver Age began to act presumptuously and neglected the gods. Natural fissures were popularly regarded as entrances to the subterranean house of Hades—i.e., the home of the dead. ), THE VINTAGER A star on the right wing of the constellation Virgo. ), EAGLE OF PROMETHEUS An eagle which was set by Zeus feed on the liver of the chained Titan Prometheus. Greek : Skorpios (the Scorpion) When Heracles was commanded to destroy it was one of his twelve labours, he throttled the beast to death with his bare hands. Greek : Hippos (the Horse) or Pegasos ), ISLAND OF SICILY The triangle shaped island of Sicily was represented amongst the stars as the constellation Triangulum. (Hyginus 2.13. The Greek word for constellations was katasterismoi.Of these, the twelve signs whose paths intersect with the dawn rising of the sun were known as zodiakos (the zodiac) or zodiakos kyrklos (circle of small animals). (Hyginus 2.25. ), Latin : Ursa Minor (the Little Bear) ), Latin : Canis (the Dog) (Hyginus 2.19. ), Latin : Corona (the Crown) ), CARNOBON A King of the Getae tribe of Thrace. Greek : Ôriôn (the Mountain Man?) Greek mythology books (retellings, translations, and commentary) continue to be some of my favorite reads. ), Latin : Ursa Major (the Great Bear) (Hyginus 2.2 on Aglaosthenes, Aratus 25. The lyre was represented by the adjacent constellation Lyra. Greek : Lyrê (the Lyre) or Khelys (the Tortoise) In memory of this deed, Prometheus, the arrow and the eagle were placed side by side amongst the stars as the constellations Engonasin, Aquila (or Lyra the vulture) and Sagitta. 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